Year 10: Let the Games Begin

Outline the main geographical processes relevant to Coastal Management.

Geographical processes that are relevant to coastal management are:

• swash - waves breaking on the beach, thus causing damage to the coast as the water eats at the beach.
• longshore drift - sand being moved across the beach.
• wave erosion - waves eroding against the beach
• tides - the water moves up and down throughout the day carrying with it items that could damage the coast.
• destructive waves - they destroy beaches by breaking quickly on the sand not allowing enough time for the water to soak into the sand.
• constructive waves - they build beaches by depositing sand along the beach

All of these processes destroy or help the making the of the coast. 

Y10: Defense Set to Give US More Military Access

What are the US and Australian military forces agreeing to currently? What the specific implications of this agreement?

The US and Australian military forces are agreeing to a series of agreements that will mean that the US will have greater access to Australian military bases. Shared facilities are expected to include HMAS Stirling naval base in Western Australia, an army base in Townsville as the primary location for operations, the port of Darwin and the Bradshaw Field Training Area in the Northern Territory.

What is the name of the summit where Australia's Defense Minister and the US's Secretary of Defense will meet?


They are meeting at the AUSMIN summit.


Which country is the US specifically reacting to?

They are specifically reacting to future threats and uncertainties, specifically China's growing military power. 


What are the US planners looking to achieve with this agreement regarding troop movement?

They are looking to increase forces around the world. They are breaking the globe into certain regions for their defenses.









What are other key areas of discussion at the summit?
Other key areas for discussion at the talks will be cyber security, progress in Afghanistan and the state of the Joint Strike Fighter project. Australia plans to buy up to 100 of the revolutionary multi-role jets to replace the RAAF's F-111 bombers, retired last year, and its F/A-18 Hornets.




What does this agreement mean for Australia's future in the Regional and Global context?



It means that we will have stronger ties with the US therefore making us safer.

Go Back to Where You Came From Reflection

What is your initial reaction to the show?


My initial reaction to the show is that the things that the participants had to go through definitely were very confronting to the whole refugee situation. It really expressed the harshness of the conditions that they were running from and what their reasons were for trying to escape. To watch all these people try and find refuge anywhere else in the world shows how scared they are of staying in their home country. Even the conditions that they have to live in while being processed are harsh. I think that the show was very successful as it really expressed the conditions that they went through and informed the country of the refugee situation.


What percentage of immigrants are refugees?


1.5% are refugees.


Why does such a small number of people make for such a big deal both politically and in the media?


It makes for such a small number of people because of the fact that these people plan to come into the country and change it for themselves. This is an issue because they will not plan to integrate into our society rather have their own little compounds around Australia. I think that the refugee situation should be controlled and it be stressed that they have to embrace Australian culture.


Where does Australia rank among countries accepting refugee's?


Australia is currently in 18th position among the other countries in accepting the refugee's.


To what extent do we have an obligation to help other people suffering in the world?


I think that we as a country have an obligation to help anyone in the world as everyone needs help at one stage. If we help others then when the time comes people will help us.


How much extra support do refugees receive in comparison to other Australian citizens?


They receive the same amount of support as all Australian citizens.


How many Asian nations have signed the UN Refugee Convention?


11 countries have signed the UN Refugee Convention.


Why is it important to note that that Malaysia has not signed the UN Refugee Convention? What does this mean for refugee's in Malaysia.


This means that they don't have the same rights and therefore will have a harder time as a refugee in Malaysia.

Year 10: Trade: ASEAN members start moves to harmonize policies | BusinessWorld Online Edition

1. What is the goal of this ASEAN meeting?

The goal of this ASEAN meeting is to improve and harmonize trade and investment policies as the bloc pursues an integrated regional economy by 2015. 

2. What is ERIA? What do they intend to do?

ERIA is the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN, they intend to draw up plans to review the scorecard for 2015. 

3. What is AEC? What do they intend to do?

AEC is the ASEAN Economic Community, they intend to help countries identify commitments that will deliver the best results toward integration.

4. What are the three key areas of focus?

The three key areas of focus are trade and transport, services and investment facilitation. 

5. How often does this group plan to meet?

They plan to meet once a year and on during that time they will develop a knowledge bank. 

6. What do they intend to keep in their "knowledge bank"?

They intend to keep possible tools members can use to pursue effective reforms and also a data bank of all regulatory reform ASEAN members have made.

7. Who was the chairman of the meeting? What is his title? What is the population and GDP of his country? How does it compare to Australia?

The Chairman of the meeting is Dato Lim Jock Hei, Brudei Ministry of Foreign Affairs permanent secretary. the p

8. What do you think that economic integration means?

Economic integration refers to trade unification between different states by the partial or full abolishing of customs tariffs on trade taking place within the borders of each state. This is meant in turn to lead to lower prices for distributors and consumers (as no customs duties are paid within the integrated area) and the goal is to increase trade.

9. Do you think that this is good or bad for Australia?


I think this is a good thing as products that are not widely available in all areas will be able travel across the border without the same price of transporting it which acts like a penalty for trading. Trade will definitely flourish if these customs and tariffs are abolished as products will freely flow around the states of Australia without such large fees to give others the same products. So i think that it is a very good thing for Australia.

Australia and America Alliance


1. Who is Steven Smith and what important role does he play for the Australian Government?


He is Defense Minister in Washington and he helps the Australian - US alliance continue. He helps Australia and he controls the military and therefore is helping the relationship of America and Australia become larger.


2. What is the Brookings Institution where Mr. Smith delivered his speech?


It is a non-profit public organisation in Washington dc. It allows people to discuss issues and provide information about certain topics.


3. What role does the Australia/US Alliance play in Australia's 'strategic and security arrangements'?


Australia has previously hosted the US for different systems. America has given sensitive information to Australia to keep on the down low and therefore this guarantee's Australia's alliance with America as they don't want the information spilled. 


4. What is important about Australia's global location for this alliance?


Australia is located in the Asia-Pacific region and therefore is in the centre of gravity and as economic, political, military and strategic influence shifted.


5. What contributions has Australia made to this alliance for the last 50 years?


They have hosted and supported some of the US's most sensitive and critical strategic capabilities. 


6. What did the minister say about the Australian companies who do business with the US?


The minister said 9000 Australian companies did business in the US. "They pay an average wage of $US70,000 ($63,490) per employee per annum and include your largest shopping-centre owner and two of your largest 20 banks.


7. Why does the minister point out this information about this company? What does it highlight about the relationship between Australia and the US?


Because it stresses the fact that Australia is an ally that adds value. Australia does it so from a vantage point of  respect, not dependency. It shows that Australia really is helping America during their time of economic problems.


8. What is the country central to Australia's relationships in the region?


Australia is really trying to get a strong relationship with China. Australia wants to be in an "harmonious environment" with China.


9. What is Australia trying to foster with this country?


They want to be in an harmonious environment and have strong military relations. 


10. Why do you think that this is important to Australia?


Australia is making connections so that they will be more liked and therefore get more favours from China as it is.






1. What is the US planning on locating in Australia? Where? Why?


Australia is located in the arc running from the Indian Ocean through to the Asia Pacific region. This therefore gives the United States a strategic focus to be closer to where a natural disaster may occur and therefore already have plenty of supplies and tools if the time does arise. It is going to be located in Woomera in WA.

2. What implications does this have on the coordination between Australian and American forces?


It ties them together and makes their relation stronger so that America is more of a big brother to Australia.

Immigration

1. What is an asylum seeker?


An asylum seeker is a person who has fled their own country and applies to the government of another country for protection as a refugee. 


2. What reasons would they leave their country and come to Australia?

According to the United Nations Convention and Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (the Refugee Convention), a refugee is a person who is outside their own country and is unable or unwilling to return due to a well-founded fear of being persecuted because of their:

• race
• religion
• nationality
• membership of a particular social group
• political opinion.

3. What reasons will allow them to be approved for asylum?

If there life or freedom has been threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion. If any of these points are present then they are not allowed to be expelled or returned to where they came from.

4. From what countries are most asylum seekers coming to Australia?

Africa, Ethiopia, Iran, Iraq, Somalia.  

5. What is the deal between Australia and Malaysia? (What are the numbers of people being 'swapped'?)

Australia will send over 800 boat people to Kuala Lumpur and in return will receive 4000 refugees from Malaysia and settle them down in the next 4 years. 

6. What rights will they have in Malaysia which will allow them to support themselves?

They will be allowed to work and education and medical supervision will be provided.

7. How does Malaysia normally treat illegal immigrants?

They normally assault them in large groups which is done by the local police.

8. Are children being sent to Malaysia?

Yes.

9. What is going to happen to the processing of the 500+ people currently in Australia who have arrived from the 7th of May?

The government is changing there decision and is going to process them and not make them leave.

10. What do refugee advocates worry about for the 800 asylum seekers?

They are worried that they will be assaulted by the local police. They also fear that Australia will not be able to protect them once they have left their shores.

11. What is the goal of this 'swap' program?

It is to stop boat people from coming to Australia because some of them are being exploited and many of them suffer the risk of death on the way as it is a very dangerous stretch,

12. Do you think that it will work? Why/why not?

It depends on whether or not the first deal works and seeing how it flows. If it is successful and I am sure that it will continue.

Year 10: Monday 25/7 Period 4

1. What title does Kevin Rudd have in the Australian Government? Explain what this role entails.

He is the Australian Foreign Affairs Minister and it involves him interacting with other countries and discussing threats on Australia such as nuclear weapons.

2. What is Kevin Rudd's concern?

His concern is that North Korea with their nuclear weapons make a direct threat to Australia as these missiles can travel thousands of kilometres. He is worried that North Korea is angry at others for the destabilisation when it is clearly their fault. 

3. What forum was he at to express his concerns?

He was at the ASEAN Regional Forum in Nusa Dua, Bali. 

4. What actions have North Korea performed recently which have Rudd alarmed and the region lacking stability?

They had recently torpedoed a South Korean naval frigate, shelled civilians’ homes across the border and defied two UN Security Council resolutions by pursuing an enriched uranium weapons program. Rudd therefore is worried at what might next set of North Korea.

5. What is a 'direct threat' to Australia according to Rudd?

The direct threat to Australia is the recently constructed Taepodong-2 long-range missile as it can travel 15,000km.“Its a serious matter; it’s not out there on the margins of our national security concerns; it’s real and I reflected those concerns to the North Koreans today.

6. What do you think that Rudd is trying to accomplish diplomatically by calling out his North Korean counterpart publicly? How does this relate to Australia's relationship and role in the region? 

He is trying to show the world how much a threat North Korea is with the missiles that they possess and also the nuclear weapons that are being created by them. He is trying to make them respond or re-butte to the situation. He is calling North Korea out so that we look good in the world as we have shown that North Korea is a threat. Also it helps with our relationship with other countries because it tells them we have their back as we are looking out for them by seeing what countries possess weapons that can kill and telling others about it. 

7. How does this relate to Australia's relationship to major allies?

Since Australia is closely allied with America and therefore has a bodyguard with it the whole time. Therefore with Australia calling out these other countries they should listen as they don't want to fight with America if they decide to go against Australia. This makes Australia's relationship stronger with major allies as it looks like other countries may listen and think that Australia is a tough country to be friends with.

Foreign Aid Review

Summary:

• In the past 5 years Australia's overseas aid budget has doubled and in the next 5 it will double again.
• By 2015 we will be spending 8 billion dollars on helping people overseas.
• It is not understood why the aid program is growing so fast.
• Aid does help but only when it is put to good use.
• This aid does help though especially when it comes to emergency relief after disasters but this only accounts for 7% of today's program.
• This aid is supposed to help long-term poverty as a billion people still live on under $1.25 a day.
• Poverty is being overcome. In 1981, 54% of the population lived in extreme poverty. By 2005 this had fallen to 25% and by 2015 it will be less than 15%.
• Aid is not the reason for poverty decrease rather economic growth is. Many of the world's populous nations are catching up.
• China has lifted half a billion people out of poverty since 1990 due to economic growth.
• Countries are finding their own way out of poverty so why is Australia doubling its aid program?
• Our money is displacing other countries money that would then be used on something less important.
• Charity is another way of showing our power.

The Author is presenting a story on how what Australia is doing is irrelevant in helping poverty be abolished. Poverty is not decreasing due to aid but rather by economic growth. He doesn't believe that the money is helping but rather is just presenting a nice image of Australia to the rest of the world. Australia is giving so much aid so that they can impress America and get on the UN security council so that we can be safe in the long run.

I think Australia is giving more aid because they want to show the power and wealth of the country. The money that is being used primarily is going towards countries that are using the money for what they would have bought with their money. They then are buying unnecessary things. Some of this aid is going towards the right reasons but only 7% is going to emergency relief.

Positives: 

It gives Australia an image to others so that we look good.

We are trying to build relationships with other countries. Goodwill.

We might get a spot on the UN security council.

Negatives:

This money could be used to make Australia better.

Development could increase.

This money could be used to fix problems such as our own poverty or unemployment.

I still believe that this aid is helping others but it must be researched better so that it is going to a proper cause and not being wasted. This money could really make a huge difference if it is used in the right way.

Monday 2/5 work

2002 school certificate questions.

31. D - Point Z
32. A - 86 metres
33. C - South-west
34. D - Walking track
35. D - Gathering agricultural products
36. C - 1018 hectopascals
37. A - 1-4km/h from the north-west
38. C - 153 degrees south and 27 degrees east
41. C - 15 degrees
42. C - Flood
43. C - 20%

Extra Questions

pg 22

1. 5kms, 140 relief
2. Coal mine 1 = GR829472
    Coal mine 2 = GR895475
    Distance - 3.5km
    LR - 220
3. GR845440

pg 24

1. Sydney - 1019 hectopascals
    Perth - 1012 hectopascals
2. ?
3. 144 degrees south and 36 degrees east
4. 128 degrees south and 12 degrees east
5. Antarctica

Venice a City in Five Images

5 aspects that make Venice what it is.

1. Brick Restoration - Brick restoration is a very important factor that must constantly be addressed in Venice as it keeps up the buildings. With the bricks wearing away they are in need of restoration so that they can become stronger and support the buildings.

2. Flooding - The water rises and a few centimetres can determine whether or not it will be flooded. The water laps over the edges and can make the paths very wet and this can be dangerous for pedestrians. When the sea level rises even a few centimeters the water will begin to flood and can determine whether or not you go out in flip flops or rubber boots.

3. Sewarage - Sewerage is a very big thing in Venice and it all works through pipes under the paths. They are constantly being compromised by the water eroding the rocks which can damage the pipes. The pipes then have to be fixed but this is easy as the pathways in which the pipes go around sometimes need to be fixed and the pipes can be fixed at the same time as the paths.

4. Bridges - They connect the roads so that people do not have to walk as far. The bridges are very intricate and sometimes are built at angles so that they can meet with the other paths. They range from wooden bridges to stone bridges. Wooden bridges are cheaper and easier to repair if they are getting to weak. The stone bridges are difficult to repair as sometimes the keystones shift and major repairs must be done. 

5. Building Techniques - There are many building techniques in Venice when building the homes. They have to be aware that the buildings will move while on the water so they build them with walls that have leeway to movement.


Part 2. Bangkok


Tuk Tuks.

This is one of the things that make Bangkok and Thailand what it is. It is one of the easiest means of transport there and it is quick and cheap. It is easy to find a Tuk Tuk as they speed around and usually sit outside tourist attractions waiting for anyone that needs a lift. They are fun and are definitely something that make Bangkok what it is.


Markets.

The markets in Bangkok are great and they allow for you to experience what Bangkok has to offer first hand. They sell many types of goods from jewelry to other clothing and many accessories.


Food stands.

The food stands that are scattered around Bangkok all have amazing foods to offer varying from different meats to deserts. They give you a unique way of eating foods to which you would not be able to experience at    a restaurant.


Shopping

If you don't like shopping in the markets then there are plenty of malls that you can visit. They offer many great shops that are have great prices. There are many different accessories to that what you would find in Australia.


Nightlife.

The nightlife in Bangkok changes dramatically to that of during the day. It is a lot more exciting with live shows and music being the main shows. The lights come on and it is a very different experience.

These are 5 of the things that make Bangkok a very unique city and there are many more.

URBAN SPRAWL

1. The Turramurra apartment blocks are an example of urban consolidation in Turramurra as it focuses on building up the community to accommodate for more people. It is close to the shops and to the train station so it makes it perfect for commuters without cars as it is a easy walk to the train station at to the shops. To accommodate for these apartment blocks houses were bought and knocked down.

An example of urban sprawl in Sydney is Jordan Springs. This is an example of urban sprawl as a new suburb is being created. Jordan Springs is a new suburb that will focus on allowing thousands of new residents into the complex. This suburb is close to the Penrith CBD but far away from the city. It is a brand new community that will have many new opportunities that have not been there before.

2. Jordan Springs - Delfin Lend Lease, Lend Lease, Greens party of Penrith council, Western Sydney Conservation Alliance.  

3.  

Delfin Lend Lease plans on creating a brand new community in which many people will be able to live in. It will offer many jobs and will have a pubic school for children to learn at. They also plan on making it a very safe community with play grounds away from roads. They also plan on including public transport to reduce the risk of cars in the area therefore making it safer for pedestrians.

They plan on building around 2,500 homes in which families can live in. They are making this new complex for $600 million and it will be great business for them. They will also make large sales on the homes when they are completed as they are selling 2,500 homes which will generate a large income for the runners.

The Western Sydney conservation alliance are strongly against Delfin lend leases plans to create Jordan Springs. They disapprove of the fact that the Penrith Council and lend lease have some sort of a friendship and that this should not be taken lightly by the council. A Penrith councillor has been pressured into making sure that this development application be put in front of the whole council so that it stands a better fighting chance.

The western Sydney conservation alliance is trying their hardest in this seemingly one sided war but they will not give up until the end. They are adamant to fight for this land and against lend lease. 

4. The responses to the issue is very mixed. Many believe they are doing a favour by providing many new homes but on the other hand they are destroying land to create the homes. One response was that the natural heritage being destroyed will never be able to be shown to our future generations if it is destroyed. On the other hand one person has said that he believes that the land is not accessible and therefore them building on the land is ok. "Surely a reasonably designed community surrounded by managed parkland is the best compromise." This was one of the responses from the public who believed it is ok as the new suburb will be surrounded by managed parkland for the children to play in.

5. This example of urban sprawl is very effective as it provides a strong example of how urban sprawl works. A new suburb is being created due to the overcrowding of people in Penrith. This suburb will ease the stress of finding a home in the CBD as they can now live only 7km from the CBD. It is a prime example of urban sprawl that crosses all the boxes regarding to what urban sprawl is. People will now be able to have family sized homes while still living close to the CBD of Penrith.

Population Growth in Sydney

Population growth is a major issue towards cities as it means that space is becoming short. Population growth happens due to more people coming into the city wanting a home. This can become an issue when there are no homes for sale and therefore people cannot move into the city. Population growth will continue to increase as the years progress. Sydney being a city next to water makes the issue much larger as it can only increase one way. In 2001 the population was 3,366,542. In 2010 the population of Sydney was 4,504,469. In 2026 it estimated that the population will be 5,487,200 people and by 2056 it is estimated that the population will be 7,649,000 people.

There are two major responses to population growth being urban consolidation and urban sprawl. Urban consolidation focuses on building up in areas that are full. It accomplishes this by knocking down residences and building on top of the land and creating big apartment blocks. Whereas urban sprawl focuses on spreading the population around the city making it bigger. New blocks are bought so that major developments can be started and then more people can be in close proximity to the city but still with decent sized houses.

Urban consolidation is the act of building up in the city. Homes are knocked down and then big high rises or apartment blocks are built on top of the land so that the city can accommodate for many more people. An example of this are apartment blocks located in Turrammurra as they were previously homes that were knocked down so that the apartments could be built. Urban sprawl is the act of building a city spreading outwards increasing in size. New suburbs are created around the city making it larger. Sydney having half its side surrounded by water can only expand one way making it harder for people to get a home in Sydney. An example of urban sprawl is Jordan Springs which is a new suburb being created just outside the Penrith CBD.

The statistics of the population in Sydney should be considered very important as it means that more homes will have to be created. In 2010 the population was 4,504,469 people and urban sprawl and consolidation are major parts of the development of Sydney at the moment. This shows how in 2056 when the population is estimated to be 7,649,000 many more residences will be needed to accommodate for the massive amount of people in Sydney. With people struggling now to find homes this should be taken into consideration on how much development will have to be started in the coming years. If Sydney's population continues to grow so will the number of houses that will have to be developed.

Sydney will become a much larger city spreading outwards rapidly as it only has one way to go because of the water that surrounds half the city. It will increase the economy of Sydney as more people will buy products and food for their living. Sydney will overall have many advantages come out of this massive population growth and so will many businesses. Urban sprawl will definitely benefit Penrith as it will grow and become a much larger city with new suburbs being created it could only become a much nicer place.

Urban Sprawl or Consolidation: Jordan Springs

1. This is an example of urban sprawl as a new suburb is being created. Jordan Springs is a new suburb that will focus on allowing thousands of new residents into the complex. This suburb is close to the Penrith CBD but far away from the city. It is a brand new community that will have many new opportunities that have not been there before.

2. This new suburb is a positive for the surrounding community as it will increase business. The suburb will be subject to gentrification as many wealthy people will come in buying houses as it offers a lot for the people that live their. It has great opportunities for the people that live their, it promotes jobs, schools and it's a great area for kids as it has many facilities including parks and other areas for children to play at. It also includes public transport that hopes to reduce the number of cars on the road. This new suburb does not help Sydney as it means that Sydney has to send out resources all the way to Penrith. Otherwise this community is a positive for the community as it offers so much but it is a very controversial topic.

Summarising the TRESB Project

1. The problem which lead to the TRESB Project.

The problem was that the entrance to the Tweed River at the southern end of the Gold Coast. The entrance was becoming a hazard to shipping because of the sandbars that were forming across the river mouth. These sandbars were becoming dangerous to shipping as it would potentially contact the the ship and cause great damage. The breakwater that had been built was still not doing its job and longshore drift was still pushing sand into the entrance of the river.

2. The solution to the problem.

The solution to the problem was to build the Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Project that involved building pipes that would run across the river and would go to the other beaches. These pipes would pump the sand from the river entrance where it accumulates. Via a system of pipes the sand would travel to one of four outlets where it would be decided where the sand would be deposited.

3. The result of the project. What areas were effected and how? Do you think that it was a success?


I think that the whole project was a success apart from the fact that the natural process of lonshore drift was totally destroyed. Even though machines are used to replace the need for lonshore drift we have still lost a vital part of the system at the beaches. Apart from this the whole project was a great success as it increased the safety of the ships that enter the river and it is working well. This project replaces the sand lost by using the machines and it is a very expensive process but it is needed.

7.6 The Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Project

1. Why did it become necessary to extend the Tweed River breakwaters?


It was necessary to extend the Tweed River breakwaters because the first breakwaters that were there were not doing the necessary job as should have been doing. More sand was building up and was becoming again an issue for the shipping industry.




2. What impact would the construction of the breakwaters have had on the replenishment of sand to the Gold Coast beaches after severe storm erosion?


The breakwaters would have diminished the replenishment of sand to the Gold Coast beaches because they were acting as a barrier to stop sand going into the entrance. With the breakwaters all there then the sand would not be able to move around as it would have done when the breakwaters were not there. The water then would only push the sand into the breakwaters and therefore not be able to replenish the sand at the beach.




3. Why did the Tweed River become unsafe to shipping? Explain the natural process that caused sandbars to form over the mouth of the Tweed River.


The Tweed River entrance had become unsafe to shipping due to the build up of sandbars along the entrance. This would diminish the depth of the water and make it dangerous for large ships to go through. The ships could potentially have scraped across the sand and could have become stuck. The natural process that caused this is longshore drift, the sand was being pushed in through the northerly direction. 




4. Why was the dredging of the Tweed River and the associated beach nourishment program only a short-term solution to coastal management of the area? 


It was only a short-term solution because the sand would once again go down the beaches because of longshore drift. The process would have to be repeated so that when the sand got to the entrance of the river it would have to be dredged back to the other beaches.




5 Describe the way the TRESBP replaces the natural process of longshore drift.


The TRESBP replaces the natural process of longshore drift by pumping the sand from where it accumulates on the southern side of the Tweed River via a system of pipes. The pipes go across the river to one of four outlets where it is decided which beach needs the sand and then it is released.




6 Write a paragraph that explains your opinion of the TRESBP. Why do you think the project is regarded as one of the most successful coastal management schemes in Australia?


I think that the TRESBP is very successful as it fixed the issues at hand. It was built on top of a idea that worked at the moment it was needed but in the long run it couldn't do the job. The TRESBP was big step up from the breakwaters that were applied and it is doing its job well. It does not keep the sand out but it does get rid of it straight away. This project definitely should be regarded as one of the most successful coastal management schemes in Australia.




8 Look at the aerial photographs in 7.28. Describe the changes that have occurred to the mouth of the Tweed River since 1962.


In 1962 when the first breakwaters were installed they were very small as not to look intrusive. This clearly wasn't doing the job so they were increased in 1969 by a long way. The new breakwaters were much larger and definitely looked out of place. These new breakwaters were still not completing their job as the sand was still an issue. So in 1994 the TRESBP was installed and has been doing a great job. It is a significant improvement to the 1962 and 1969 breakwaters.




9 Using the topographic map in 7.25 on page 164, estimate the length of the breakwater along the Tweed River entrance in 1962 and in 1994. 


In 1962 the breakwater was roughly 100m and in 1969 the breakwater was roughly 420m which is an  increase of 320m. This increase still couldn't to the job and to go any bigger would have made the beaches look horrible.

Big Wave Profile

Homework:

1. Design a blog post on your blog of a big wave site from different parts of the world. Be sure to describe the geography and the topography of the ocean floor in these areas and how this helps create these massive waves. check out http://www.extremehorizon.com/surf-shop/big_waves.html for big waves around the world.

Teahupoo

Teahupoo is located off the South West corner of Tahiti. This wave is generated by open ocean swells hitting the coral atoll reef with Hawaiian type power. This wave throws forward an immense lip which constructs a tube that a truck could easily fit through.

Surfing at Teahupoo is very dangerous as it is a reef break and surfers must be cautious when paddling out as not to get hurt by the deadly reefs. It has taken a few lives as it breaks on a shallow reef.

The waves are formed by open ocean swells building up immense momentum before smashing into coral reef. Emerging from deep water onto a barely submerged reef, the power of the Pacific is suddenly concentrated, and the combination of heavy waves and a shallow shoreline is extremely dangerous. A wipeout can result in serious injuries or even death, and only expert surfers in peak physical condition stand a chance.

The shallow waters and the dangerous reefs make this big wave spot a very dangerous experience that results in great injury. The power of the wave with the huge mass behind it can shred a persons back very easily.

The Science of Big Waves

Pre-viewing:

1. Where do ocean waves come from? What gets them started? 
Ocean waves come from the wind. They are started by the wind pushing the water and as the force of wind becoming stronger the waves will become bigger. They are pushed across the ocean and eventually the come into the shore where they are ready to be surfed.


2. What do you think a surfer should know about waves before they try and ride a wave while surfing?
A surfer should know how powerful the wave will be so as to know how to ride it. They should look at it as it comes so that they can determine if it will be a dangerous wave to ride or a good one to ride.




Question for the Video:



1. Observe all the waves that you see and describe how they form and break. Use as many words found in the segment for you descriptions.
There are waves that roll over slowly and some that roll over very quickly. The ones that roll over slowly are great for surfing as it gives you more time at that height that is so incredible at Maverick's. The ones that roll over quickly can be dangerous if not executed properly as they have the potential to dump you straight into the water.


2. Describe how waves are formed, how they originate, and how they are measured?
Waves are formed 1000's of miles away in a place called the wave factory in the north pacific. Using satellite technology the sea is able to be monitored. Meteorologists are able to monitor the growing swell and find out when the waves will strike.


3. What is a maverick wave and what is special about the way it is formed?
A maverick wave is the name given to the waves that form at Mavericks. It is special because it is formed thousands of miles away and it increases during the time it takes for it to get to Mavericks.


4. How is energy stored and transferred during wave?
Energy comes from the wind and is used as the wave travels to shore. As the wind continues to blow over the long distances the wave itself will become bigger as it is being pushed. The further and longer the wind blows will determine the size of the wave.


5. List any kind of advice given by the surfers about how to survive these “big waves.”
They say that all you are thinking about is surviving as it so dangerous to ride. They recommend just riding it for the half mile of run as that is the best part of the surf for the surfers.